2011年中考英语复习知识点盘点（15）：阅读理解的考点讲解和训练

　　这段文章前面列举了两件事实：如果你买一些制作优良的衣服，你会省钱，因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次，仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。

　　(3)无主题句

　　有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢?其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。

　　请看2004年江西省中考试题阅读理解A:

　　Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make

　　more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.

　　Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.?

　　Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.

　　Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.?

　　这篇短文表面看起来没有主题句，那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢?按照上面的说明，我们先找出每一段的大意：第一段讲的是“killer bees”的产生。第二段讲的是“killer bees” 的急剧增加。第三段讲的是人们害怕“killer bees”的原因。第四段讲的是“killer bees”已经杀死的人数和将来的状况。从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是围绕“killer bees”这一中心展开的。换句话说，“killer bees”就是这篇文章的主题。

　　在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理解题：

　　59. The best title of the passage is ____________.

　　A. How to make more honey B. Killer bees

　　C. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees

　　毫无疑问，答案应该是：B。

　　2.如何根据上下文猜测词义?

　　猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。

　　任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(context),正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：1)根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2)运用语法知识进行语法分析。3)依靠常识和经验做出判断。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种：

　　(1)根据定义或解释猜测词义。例如：甘肃省2002年中考英语试题阅读材料B:

　　A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”….

　　Now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”

　　短文后面有一个理解题目：

　　John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ________.

　　A. makes everyone know a secret

　　B. the woman bout a cat

　　C. buys a cat in the bag

　　D. sells the cat in the bag

　　在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret.根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为A。

　　(2)根据情景和逻辑进行判断。例如：2004年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料A。其中第三段是这样的：

　　As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.

　　文章后面有这样一道题：

　　53. In the text, “put an end to” means “___________”.

　　A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly

　　根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。根据这一推理，答案应该是A。

　　(3)根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。例如：福州市2004年中考英语试题的阅读材料B。

　　There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.

　　101. What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese??

　　A. 自来水B. 大气C. 冰川D. 蒸汽

　　从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类第物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。

　　(4)根据背景和常识判断。请看2004年北京市海淀区中考试题的阅读材料C:

　　Watching some children trying to catch butterflies one August afternoon, I was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. When I was a boy of twelve in South Carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(笼子).?

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