英语高考十个常见的命题陷阱

高考命题者常常利用熟悉的句型结构,或者一些固定搭配来制造陷阱,让考生在不知不觉中选错答案.常见陷阱题的类型分析如下:
1.思维定势干扰
思维定势是指人们在长期的思维过程中所形成的一种固定的思维模式.如果运用得当,它可以帮助考生将考题内容与以前所学知识迅速联系起来,并在短时间内调集解决问题所需的相关知识进行分析,推理,并得出正确的答案;但若运用不当,便会误导考生掉入命题人所预设的陷阱,得出错误的答案.
[典例1]Isn't it time you got down to _______ the papers (06年重庆卷)
A. mark B. be marked
C. being marked D. marking
[解析]答案为D.考生易误选A,以为考查动词不定式结构.其实本题考查短语"get down to doing sth."的用法,意思是:开始认真对待某事.这里to是介词,后面跟动名词或名词作宾语.
2."冗余信息"干扰
命题者有时在题干中插入了一些次要信息,或称"冗余信息",用来干扰作答者的正常思维,通常把简单题干复杂化,以分散考生注意力.常见的"冗余信息"有插入语,后置定语和前置状语,从句等.对于此类题目,考生可以反其道而行之,去掉冗余部分.这样,答案就会一目了然.例如:
[典例2]Attention, coffee lovers! We have for you, the best coffee machine ________ invented.(06年江西卷)
A. ever B. already C. even D. nowadays
[解析]正确答案为A.本题的主体句是We have the best coffee machine _________ invented,分词短语ever invented=which have ever been invented是定语修饰语."for you"不影响主体句答案的选择.由主体句分析可知,本题正确答案是A,分词简化定语从句.
3.被表面现象迷惑
单项填空题中,命题人常常变化一些常见的短语或句法结构,使答题者不容易分辨.此种手段常导致考生机械地套用语法,进而作出错误的选择.做此类题目时要注意学会转换和还原,使之清晰明了.
[典例3]Whom would you rather have ________ with you
A. to go B. go C. gone D. going
[解析]正确答案为B.把本题题干改成陈述句,这样我们一眼就可以看出,本句使用的是"have sb. do"句型.使役动词have的宾语补足语用动词原形表示.
4.忽视有效附加信息
单项填空题的空白后有时附带一些文字信息,这些信息千万不能忽视,它们并非总是"冗余信息".判断依据是,有此信息与无此信息意义完全不同.
[典例4]—Which driver was to blame
—Why, _______! It was the child's fault, clear and simple. He suddenly came out between two parked cars.(06年北京卷)
A. both B. each C. either D. neither
[解析]正确答案为D.本题若只注意到"Which driver was to blame"而忽略"the child's a fault"就会误选B或A.最后一句表明,是小孩从两辆停着的车子中冲出,导致事故,所以正确答案是D.
5.受母语干扰
由于母语在大脑中的根深蒂固,所以常常会对外语学习者大脑中尚不牢固的外语知识产生负面影响.命题者常利用这一点,制造陷阱.
[典例5]—I'm dead tired. I can't walk any farther, Jenny.
—_________, Tommy. You can do it!(06年江西卷)
A. No problem B. No hurry
C. Come on D. That's OK
[解析]答案为C,但易误选A或D,因为汉语里常用"你会没问题的","你能行的"来安慰他人.但事实上,英语中通常用"Come on, you can do it"来鼓励他人.
6.忽略对句子结构的分析
单项填空题中经常把并列句和复合句作为考查点.所以分辨句型和句子成分就显得尤为重要.
[典例6]The workers will go on strike if the demands they _______ put forward are turned down.(06年福建卷)
A. could B. would C. 不填 D. had
[解析]本题容易错把"they _______ put forward"看成主句,其实本题题干是if条件句.从句中的定语从句修饰先行词demands.从句的关联词which或that省略了.故正确答案为C.
7.不同从句之间混淆不清
[典例7]A warm thought suddenly came to me _________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.(06年安徽卷)
A. if B. when C. that D. which
[解析]本题中that引导的同位语从句,修饰thought,因从句比较长,故放在"A warm thought suddenly came to me"之后.注意:不能将that引导的从句视为定语从句,因为先行词在句中不作成分.另外,从句子成分和位置判断,也不可能是时间或条件状语从句.故答案是C.
8.介词"to"与不定式符号分辨不清
[典例8]He made up his mind to devote his life ________ pollution ________ happily.
A. to prevent, to live B. to prevent, from living
C. to preventing, to live D. to preventing, living
[解析]答案为C,易误选B,认为第一空应填to prevent, to是不定式符号;第二空为prevent… (from) doing sth. 的固定搭配.其实devote…to…(把……奉献给……)中的to是介词,接-ing形式;第二空也不是"阻止污染过上幸福生活",而是"为了过上幸福生活而阻止污染",用不定式作目的状语.
9.受省略答语的影响
单项填空题中经常出现省略答语.省略句使考生不易看清句子结构.对于此类试题,考生可恢复被省略的成分,使句子结构变得明朗,进而选择合适的答案.
[典例9]—Could I have a word with you, mum
—Oh dear, if you ________.(06年浙江卷)
A. can B. must C. may D. should
[解析]正确答案为B.此题容易误选A.问句为请求句型"Could I… ",可以直接回答:"Yes, please".本题是委婉的回答"如果你一定要说的话".省略答语是"If you must want to have a word with me, you can do it"的简略回答.
10.强调句型与其他复合句的混淆
[典例10]I just wonder ________ that makes him so excited.(06年山东卷)
A. why it does B. what he does
C. how it is D what it is
[解析]此题考查的是宾语从句,但在从句中有强调结构.强调"使他兴奋的究竟是什么".去掉"it is…that…"结构,就可还原为:"I just wonder what makes him so excited",答案为D.