语法系列复习专题之非谓语动词

(2) 作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：

Being led(＝Led )by the Party,the Chinese people have won great victories.

(3) 作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。例如：

The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.

(4) 作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.

如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。例如：

Discussed(＝Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at

last.

如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：

       Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.

(5)在have,get之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。例如：I´ll have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)

(6)在make, order, want, like, wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如

The speaker couldn´t make himself heard.(一般不说being heard)

He wanted his house painted.(一般不说being painted)

8.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式

  所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。如：surprise使惊讶；interest使感兴趣。它们的-ing形式含主动意义，-ed形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising令人惊讶的，interesting令人感兴趣的；surprised（因…）感到惊讶的，interested（因…）感到兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：

  The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.

  She was much surprised at the surprising news.

  已学的心理状态动词有：astonish,bore(使厌烦),delight,disappoint,

discourage,encourage,excite,frighten,interest,move(使感动)，please（使高兴）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使满意）,surprise,shock,tire（使疲劳）,trouble,upset（使不安）,worry

      它们的-ing形式多和物连用，如：The news is  pleasing/exciting./a boring report(一个令人厌烦的报告),a tiring walk（累人的步行）。

      它们的-ed形式多和人连用，如：an excited girl,/I´m tired.

      但是也有-ing形式和人连用，-ed形式和物连用的现象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的领袖，an amusing girl一个讨人喜欢的女孩，a puzzled expression一种迷惑不解的表情，She said in a frightened voice.她用受了惊吓的声音说着话。

 

三、动名词

1． 形式同现在分词，有四种。

2． 动名词的基本用法：

1）作主语：Seeing is believing. /Talking is easier than doing. /it isn´t necessary explaining to him. /It´s no use waiting here.

2）作表语：My hobby（爱好）is collecting stamps . /His job is washing and cooking.

3）作宾语：When he came in,we all stopped talking . /He has given up smoking. /We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. /Are you fond of dancing?/The boy isn´t worth teaching.

   注  有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语，有些动词后跟不定式。动名词作宾语含义不同。详见第6点。

4）作定语：This is her father´s walking stick.

3． 动名词的复合结构：形式：his/him working there,Wang Dong´s/Wang Dong working there.

  语法功能：

1）作主语：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health.（动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时，只能用sb´s的形式，此句中的Your不可改为You。）

2）作宾语：I don´t like his/him staying with us.

3）作表语：My joy is his winning the table－tennis game.（his不能改为him）

4． 动名词的完成式：

       动名词的一般式所表示的动作为一种时间要领不强的或泛指的动作，或是与句中谓语同时发生。或在谓语之后发生的动作。

       如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则要用完成式。例如：

       We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.

在remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize等动词之后，某些介词后，或某些习惯用语中，用动名词的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：

I remember having sent him some money before.

5． 动名词的被动式

如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者，这个动名词就要用被动式。

       例如：The problem is far from being settled.

动名词的完成被动式往往用一般被动式来代替，以免句子显得累赘。例如：

I still remember being invited（代替having been invited）by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai.

 

6． 动名词与不定式作主语、宾语的用法比较

<1>作主语：

(1)多数情况两者可以互换。例如：Seeing is believing.＝To see is to believe.

       Talking is easy and doing is difficult.＝To talk is easy and to do is    

    difficult.

(2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为，或表示将来的行为，宜用不定式。例如：

   It took him two hours to finish the work.