中考英语词汇知识精讲

中考英语词汇知识精讲

重点、难点、考点

一、重点是：

(1)常见的构词法

1)合成词：合成词是由两个或两个以上的词构成一个新的词。如：blackboard(黑板)，newspaper(报纸)，afternoon(下午) ,pencil-box(铅笔盒)。

2)派生词：派生词是由词根加派生词缀构成的词，词根是派生词的基础，同一词根加不同的派生词缀可以表示不同的意义，还可以表示不同的词的词性。

动词变名词：＋后缀er              drive(驾驶)——driver(驾驶员)

                                                        teach(教)——teacher(教师)

                                                        read(阅读)——reader(读者)

                        ＋后缀or                invent(发明)——inventor(发明家)

                                                        visit(访问)——visitor(访问者)

                        ＋后缀tion             invent(发明)——invention(发明)

                                                        operate(手术)——operation(手术)

名词变形容词：＋后缀y            wind(风)——windy(刮风的)

                                                        sun(太阳)——sunny(晴朗的)

                       ＋后缀ful                help(帮助)——helpful(有帮助的)

                                                        care(小心)——careful(小心的)

                       ＋后缀ly                  friend(朋友)——friendly(友好的)

形容词变名词：+后缀ness         good(好的)——goodness(善良，美德)

                                                        kind(和善的)——kindness(和善)

形容词变副词：＋后缀ly           bad(坏的)——badly(糟糕地)

                                                        quick(快的)——quickly(迅速地)

改变词义：＋前缀un                 happy(高兴的)——unhappy(不高兴的)

                                                        usual(平常的)——unusual(不平常的)

３)转化词：转化词是指由一种词类转用作另一种词类的词。例如：

hand(n .)手， hand(v .)传递， dry(adj .)干燥的， dry(v .) 烘干

［说明］初中总复习中，词汇的复习十分重要。掌握单词和词组的用法是学好语言的前提之一。没有一定的词汇量，不掌握词语的基本用法，就失去了英语知识复习的基础，也就更谈不上灵活运用和综合分析能力了。

(2)词形变化

英语词汇的词形变化除了前面讲的词根＋派生词缀构成的派生词的变化外，还存在有一些单词词尾的屈折变化，它们是：

1)表示名词复数的词形变化。例如：

hand—hands(手)                  picture—pictures(图片)

knife—knives(小刀)             city—cities(城市)

2)表示形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的词形变化。例如：

cheap—cheaper—cheapest(便宜的)

late—later—latest(迟来的，迟来地)

early—earlier—earliest(早的、早地)

3)表示动词一般现在时第三人称单数的词形变化。例如：

clean—cleans(打扫)             catch—catches(按住)    carry—carries(携带)

4)表示动词过去时和-ed分词的词形变化。例如：

catch—catched(捉住)    carry—carried(搬运)

close—closea(关闭)              stop—stopped(阻止)

5)表示动词-ing分词的词形变化。例如：

walk—walking(走)        make—making(做)        sit—sitting(坐)

二、难点是：如何运用词或词组。

三、考点是：(1)单词拼写。(2)词形变化。(3)对词语的理解运用和相似词语的辨析。有关词汇的考题在中考中有10分左右。

 

【经典范例引路】

例1按要求写出下列单词的适当形式。

1 .Well(最高级)_______________              2.begin(现在分词)____________

3 .busy(反义词)_______________              4.he(反身代词)_______________

(2001年甘肃省中考题)

简析：此题是对词形变化和单词的正确拼写的考查。要正确解答，应熟练掌握规律性的变化形式，并牢固记忆一些特殊的词形变化。第1小题是考查副词的最高级。形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成分为规则变化和不规则变化。well的最高级属于不规则变化，为best。第２小题是考查现在分词的构成。现在分词的构成为：(1)直接在动词原形后加-ing。(2)以不发音的e结尾的动词，先去e ,再加-ing。(3)以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写这一辅音字母，再加-ing。此题符合第三条。故答案为beginning。第3小题是考查词义及单词拼写。busy意为“繁忙的，忙的”它的反义词应为“空闲的，闲的”free。故答案为free。第４小题是考查人称代词对应的反身代词。答案为himself。

例2选择与句中划线部分意思相同或相近的词或短语。

(   )1 .Mary called him three times yesterday , but nobody answered .

A .visited        B .gave a message to            C .told           D .phoned

(   )2 .Jim comes to visit us sometimes . That is always the happiest time for the whole family .

A .on time             B .all the time                     C .at times      D .many times

(   )3 .Jimmy tried hard , and in the end he did it well .

A .at first              B .at the beginning        C .at the end D .at last

(   )4 .—Oh , sorry . John . I forgot to post your letter .

        —That’s all right . I’ll post it myself.

A .Never think about it                B .It doesn’t matter

C .Don’t be sorry                               D .I don’t care

(   )5 .—Hello !May I speak to the headmaster ?

        —Hold on , please .

A .Speak louder                                 B .Wait a moment

C .Call again                               D .Speak out

(2001年河北省中考题)

简析：选出能替换划线部分的选项，这是一种常见题型。做此类题时应注意以下几点：(1)弄懂句意，特别是划线部分意思，以及各选项的意思。(2)能替换划线部分的选项与划线部分意思要相同。(3)选项与划线部分在句法功能上保持一致。第１小题划线部分called后接him(sb)，首先要知道它在句中的意思，为“给……打电话”。Ａ选项意为“访问”，Ｂ选项意为“给……捎口信”，Ｃ选项意为“告诉”，只有选项Ｄ .phoned意人“给……打电话”，与划线部分意思相同。且phoned与called的句法功能也相同。故答案为Ｄ。第２小题划线部分sometimes意为“有时，某时”。A选项意为“准时，按时”，B选项意为“一直总是”，C选项意为“有时，某时”，D选项意为“许多次”。故答案为C。第3小题划线部分in the end意为“最后，终于”。A选项意为“起初，开始”，B选项意为“在开始时”，C选项意为“在末尾”，D选项为“最后，终于”。故答案为D。第4小题划线部分That’s all right在此处意为“不要紧，没关系”，用来回答别人道歉的用语。A、B、C、D四个选项中只有It doesn’t matter与That’s all right意义相同。故答案为B。第5小题划线部分Hold on在此处意为“等一会儿”，是打电话时的交际用语。只有wait a moment与Hold on 意义相同，故答案为B。

例3  单项选择。

(  )1 .Students are usually interested in sports . Some like running ;some like swimming ;_______like ball games .                                        (2001年上海市中考题)

A .the others          B .others        C .the other    D .other

(  )2 .—Can you speak Chinese ,Peter ?             (2001年北京市海淀区中考题)

           —Yes , but only_______ .

A .little                 B .few                   C .a little        D .a few

(  )3 .Don’t worry ,I’ll take good care         Polly .(2001年天津市中考题)

A .for                           B .of                     C. with                  D .to

简析：此题是考查词语意义和用法上的区别，以及词语的固定搭配。在做此类题时，我们应注意：(1)先读懂题意，找出考查点。(2)观察分析空格与它的前后部分的联系及空格在句中的句法功能。(3)根据题意及分析结果，对比所有选项，选择最恰当的选项。(4)对于难度较大、很难直接从正面找到答案，就可采用排除法——根据题意和所学知识排除错误答案。剩下的便是正确答案。第1小题是考查the others ,others ,the other ,other这四者在意义和用法上的区别：the others特指某一范围内的“其余的人(物)”而others泛指“其余的人(物)”它常和some对比使用，即“some . . .others . . .”，the other特指“(两个中的)另一个”，other泛指“另一个”。故答案为B。第2小题是考查little ,few ,a little ,a few的用法：某一语言不可数，因此B、D两选项不成立。而little是表示否定意义，a little表示肯定意义。根据题干的意思应为肯定，故答案为C。第3小题是考查take care of这一固定词组。故答案为B。

 

 

【综合能力训练】

Ⅰ .从下列A、B、C、D四个选项中找出恰当的字母或字母组合使单词完整正确。

(   )1 .q  ter               A .ar              B .or                     C .wor           D .uar

(   )2 .know  ge         A .led             B .lid                    C .lad             D .le

(   )3 .Sat  day           A .er              B .ir               C .ur              D .or

(   )4 .po  ble                   A .si        B .ssi                    C .se              D .sse

(   )5 .lang  ge           A .wi             B .wa                    C .ue              D .ua

(   )6 .gr  nd                     A .ou             B .au                     C .oa              D .ua

(   )7 .d  ghter           A .on             B .au                     C .or              D .ua

(   )8 .b  t  ful          A .u ;e            B .eu ;i           C .eau ;e  D .eau ;i

(   )9 .p  c                      A .e ;cher       B .i ;ture        C .i ;cher D .e ;ture

(   )10 .d ction ry        A .e ;e            B .i ;e                   C .e ;a            D .i ;a

 

Ⅱ .下列每组单词中，有一个单词有拼写错误，请指出。

(   )1 .A .caught          B .braught             C .taught               D .bought

(   )2 .A .has               B .having              C .had                          D .haved

(   )3 .A .reech            B .sweater             C .street                D .teacher

(   )4 .A .Japanese              B .machine            C .polece               D .writer

(   )5 .A .care                     B .wear                 C .their                 D .pare

(   )6 .A .afraid           B .radio          C .almist               D .Canadian

(   )7 .A .foreign         B .friend        C .quietly                     D .piece

(   )8 .A .ladder           B .bottler        C .danger                     D .farther

(   )9 .A .dirty             B .piano         C .Wenesday                 D .twelfth

(   )10 .A .suddenly     B .subject              C .sunshine                   D .student

 

Ⅲ .根据所给英语释义写出单词(首字母已给出)。

1 .become a member of                                     j             

2 .have (clothes) on the body                      w             

3 .almost not                                                    h             

4 .not any ,no one                                            n             

5 .at last                                                          f             

6 .the fourth day of a week                                W             

7 .the opposite of cheap                             e             

8 .father or mother                                           p             

9 .ice box                                                               f             

10 .go in a car or on a horse or a bike          r             

 

Ⅳ .根据句意和音标写单词。

1 .His sister is a         [li :g] member.

2 .Our teacher often         [pleiz] games with us.

3 .Bell         [in′ventid] the telephone.

4 .Do you         [bi′li :v] what he said ?

5 .What’s the         [′we ] like today ?

6 .They started climbing the         [′mauntin].

7 .        [ u] he was ill ,he went to school.

8 .It took 300 workers a year to         [bild] the railway bridge.

9 .By the end of last month the writer had         [′ritn] 250 pages.

10 .I will go shopping if I have         [′n θi ] to do this Sunday.

 

 

Ⅴ .用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。

1 .“Thank you ,”he said       (polite).

2 .Children must be stopped from       (skate) on thin ice .

3 .She spends one hour       (watch) TV every day .

4 .Keep       (quietly) !They are listening to the teacher .

5 .Would you please say it again more       (loud) ?

6 .Keep on       (work) hard ,or you’ll fall behind other students .

7 .I’ve been on the Great Wall       (two) .

8 .Thank you for       (lend) me the story book .

9 .I often write “Best       (wish) for Teachers’ Day !”on the cards .

10 .Meimei did       (badly) than Lucy in the high jump .

11 .After ten minutes’ rest ,they went on       (walk) .

12 .I saw a wallet       (lie) on the ground on my way home .

13 .There is a fire       (burn) in the fireplace .

14 .      (pick) apples is better than       (have) classes .

15 .They went to the park instead of       (stay) at home last Saturday .

16 .“See you” is another way of       (say) “Goodbye” .

17 .They enjoy       (take) a walk after supper .

18 .I don’t feel like       (eat) anything now .

19 .The teachers are busy       (get) ready for tomorrow’s work.

20 .Don’t forget to take the       (shop) list with you.

 

【创新备考训练】(选自2001年各地中考题)

Ⅵ .根据句意，选择与句中划线部分意思相同或相近的解释。

1 .We are very glad to hear the good news .

A .sorry                        B .sad                          C .pleased

2 .I will go to see my grandma this evening .

A .visit                         B .move                       C .watch

3 .They have a lot of apples and bananas in the basket .

A .some                        B .many                       C .much

4 .Alice will go shopping with her aunt tomorrow .

A .buy something          B .borrow books           C .wash clothes

5 .The little boy is good at drawing .

A .is poor at                  B .is slow at                  C .does well in

6 .What are the boys doing ?They are at work .

A .are workers              B .work here                 C .are working

7 .We were busy last week ,so we had a little rest .

A .a small                     B .a short                     C .a few

8 .Mrs Green usually goes for a walk after supper .

A .has a walk                B .walks around            C .wants a walk

9 .Jim arrived at the farm early.

A .got on                      B .got up                      C .got to

10 .My grandma bought a big birthday present for both of us.

A .both us                     B .we both                    C .us both

11 .—Hello ,may I speak to Mr. White ,please ?

—Hold on for a moment ,please .

A .Wait                        B .Sit                           C .Stop

12 .It’s really difficult to learn maths well .

A .wrong                      B .easy                         C .hard

13 .Bob is very strong .He is able to carry the box.

A .must                        B .can                          C .need

14 .Han Meimei has a few American friends .

A .many                       B .some                        C .no

15 .We are happy to see you again .

A .worried                    B .sad                          C .pleased

 

Ⅶ .根据句意及汉语提示，在下列各句空缺处写出各单词的正确形式。

1 .Can you answer my        (三) question in English ?

2 .Mary did        (差) in the exam than Lucy .

3 .Look !They are talking        (高兴) in the room .

4 .I        (驾驶) my car to Beijing last summer .

5 .My house is not far from my        (叔叔) .

6 .The sun is        (照耀) brightly in the sky .

7 .They will bring some        (土豆) for a picnic tomorrow .

8 .He gets on very well with his        (父母) .

9 .I like        (浅) colours ,for example ,white .

10 .Mr Wang        (搬迁) here last week .He is a new comer .

11 .I usually go to work on        (步行) .

12 .There are ten        (班级) in our grade .

13 .Lucy studies        (努力地) than Lily

14 .Mr Smith will give us a talk at the        (会议) .

15 .—Excuse me ,may I        (借) your eraser ?

—Certainly .here you are .

16 .It is an        (容易的) question .I can answer it .

17 .He won’t do it .I won’t do it ,       (也) .

18 .Is there a        (书桌) in your room ?

19 .Your hands are so        (脏的) again .Go and wash them .

20 .They have planted more than two        (千) young trees this spring .

 

Ⅷ .根据句子的意思和首字母提示，用适当的词填空，使句子的意思连贯与正确。

1 .Whose is this T-shirt ?It isn’t m        .It’s hers .

2 .This bag is big .Please give me a s        one .

3 .My father works in a hospital .He is a d        .

4 .April is the f        month of the year .

5 .When the lights are g        ,the traffic can go .

6 .Fifteen minutes is a q        .

7 .September 10th is T        Day .

8 .C        is spoken by the largest number of people in the world .

9 .When s        comes ,everything begins to grow .It’s my favourite season of the year .

10 .—Pardon ,doctor ?

—I said ,“Take the m        three times a day ,and you’ll be well soon .”

11 .Mr Turner liked visiting some places of great interest ,but he didn’t want to s        too much money .

12 .—Have you watched the seven o’clock CCTV news report ?

—Yes .There is a lot of i       news in it .

13 .You look w        .What’s wrong with you ?

14 .—Do you mind cleaning your room ?It’s very d        .

—Certainly not .I’ll do it as soon as possible .

 

 

[参考答案]

综合能力训练

Ⅰ .1—5 DACBD  6—10 ABDBD  Ⅱ .1—5 BDACD  6—10 CABCC  Ⅲ .1 .join  2 .wear 3 .hardly  4 .none  5 .finally  6 .Wednesday  7 .expensive  8 .parent  9 .fridge 10 .ride  Ⅳ . 1 .League  2 .plays  3 .invented  4 .believe  5 .weather  6 .mountain  7 .Though  8 .build  9 .written  10 .nothing  Ⅴ .1 .politely  2 .skating  3 .watching  4 .quiet  5 .loudly  6 .working  7 .twice  8 .lending  9 .wishes  10 .worse  11 .walking  12 .lying  13 .burning  14 .Picking ;having  15 .staying  16 .saying  17 .taking  18 .eating  19 .getting  20 .shopping 

创新备考训练

Ⅵ . 1 .C  2 .A  3 .B  4 .A  5 .C  6 .C  7 .B  8 .A  9 .C  10 .C  11 .A  12 .C  13 .B  14 .B  15 .C  Ⅶ . 1 .third  2 .worse  3 .happily  4 .drove  5 .uncle’s  6 .shining  7 .potatoes  8 .parents  9 .light  10 .moved  11 .foot  12 .classes  13 .harder  14 .meeting  15 .borrow  16 .easy  17 .either  18 .desk  19 .dirty  20 .thousand  Ⅷ .1 .mine  2 .small  3 .doctor  4 .fourth  5 .green  6 .quarter  7 .Teacher’s  8 .Chinese  9 .spring  10 .medicine  11 .spend  12 .important/interesting 13 .worried/weak  14 .dirty