新人教必修4教案 Unit5 Theme parks[Grammar]
2.A sample lesson plan for Learning about Language
(Word formation)
Aims
To help students learn about word formation.
To help students discover and learn to use some useful words and expressions.
To help students discover and learn to use some useful structures.
Procedures
I. Warming up
Warming up by discovering useful words and expressions
Turn to page 35 and do exercises No. 1, 2 ,3 and 4 first. Check your answers against your classmates’.
II. Learning about Word formation
The basic part of any word is the root; to it, you can add a prefix at the beginning and/or a suffix at the end to change the meaning. For example, in the word "unflattering," the root is simply "flatter," while the prefix "un-" makes the word negative, and the suffix "-ing" changes it from a verb into an adjective (specifically, a participle).
English itself does not use prefixes as heavily as it once did, but many English words come from Latin, which uses prefixes and suffixes (you can use the word affix to refer either to a prefix or a suffix) quite extensively. For example, the words "prefix," "suffix," and "affix" themselves are all formed from "fix" by the used of prefixes:
• "ad" (to) + "fix" (attached) = "affix"
• "pre" (before) + "fix" = "prefix"
• "sub" (under) + "fix" = "suffix"
Note that both the "-d" of "ad" and the "-b" of "sub" change the last letter.
Here are some of the most common Latin prefixes (for the meanings of the Latin roots, look up the words in a good dictionary):
ab (away) abrupt, absent, absolve
ad (to) adverb, advertisment, afflict
in (not) incapable, indecisive, intolerable
inter (between, among) intercept, interdependent, interprovincial
intra (within) intramural, intrapersonal, intraprovincial
pre (before) prefabricate, preface prefer
post (after) postpone, postscript, postwar
sub (under) submarine, subscription, suspect
trans (across) transfer, transit, translate
III. Ready used materials for Word formation
了解了英语构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的有效途径之一。英语中有转化法、合成法、缀合法、派生法等构词方式,这里我们将向您陆续讲解比较常用的几种,希望对您的英语学习有所帮助。
首先,来介绍一下构词法中的几个基本概念:
词根(base,boot):指同根词共有的可以辨认的部分。
例如:philanthropist(慈善家)、anthropoid(类人的)、misanthropist(厌世者)、anthropology(人类学)这几个词中的词根anthropo-(人)就很容易辨认出来。
词干(stem):是未经词形变化的原词。
前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix):原是独立的词或词根,由于经常缀在别的词或词根的前后,辅助中心意义,渐渐就失去了独立的意义和形式,而成为附加的构词部分。
例如:co-(with)就是一个常见的前缀。通常把带有前后缀的新词叫做合成词,也有人把带有后缀的词叫做派生词。把一个词从一种词类转成另一种词类,可以用缀合法,如red adj. (红的)—to redden v.(变红);可以用改变词根的元音或辅音的办法,即元级派生法,如food n.(食物)—to feed v.(喂饭);也可以原封不动,转成其他词类,如pale adj.(苍白的)——to pale v.(脸变白),即转化法。
这里,我们先来看看“转化法”中名词转成动词的一些例子。
He filmed the story. / He reproduced the story on a film.他把这篇小说拍成电影。
人身器官名称,用作动词,表示使用这种器官的动作。
例如:He shouldered his way through the crowd. (他用肩膀从人群中挤过去) 此外,如to cheek (厚着脸说)、to finger (摸索)、to hand a person(用手领着)等。
盛具或衣物的名称,用作动词,表示“盛”或者“装入”。
例如:He pocketed his book and pen. (他把钢笔、本子装进衣袋子)以及to bottle(装瓶)、to can (装罐)、to sack (装在袋里)。
表示地点的名词用作动词也有类似用法:to corner( 逼在角落)、to island(隔离)、to nursery(放在温室里)等等。
除此之外,还有动词、副词、助动词等转化成名词的用法,我们来看一些例子:
On another run they failed to see the boat.他们第二次去的时候没有找到那只船。
ins and outs (来龙去脉) back and forth(问答) a must ( 必不可少的事) many ifs(许多条件)
动词加副词转化为名词的例子也很多:Break-down(垮)、get-together(聚会)、set-back(挫折)、wash-out(废物)等。
另外,形容词有时候也可以转成名词,如:the greens(青菜)、great sillies(大蠢人)
下面,我们来学习一下“合成法(composition)”。
凡是由两个或两个以上的构词成分,合成一个词,而其中每个成分又可以独立为词的,叫做合成词(compounds),而这种构词法,叫做合成法。比如:coal-mine(煤矿)、man-made(人造的)。
合成词的特有含义,不受词中各个成分连结方式的影响,它的写法由习惯而定,可以写在一起,如blackbird(画眉);可以用连词符号连接,如turn-coat(叛徒);也可以分开写,如black list(黑名单)。注意,分开写的合成词,不仅仅在意义上,即使在形式上,也和词组有区别。比如black sea 里的black,不是独立的形容词,不能说very black sea。合成词各个成分之间关系千变万化,分类也有很多种,这里就合成词的词性,分类举例说明:
1.合成名词
名词+名词:前面的名词说明后面的名词,中心意义由后面的名词表达,比如,同是book,可以有account book,hand-book,note-book等等。前面的名词可以表示人、物、性别、器具、地点、时间、比喻对象等等。如:eye-shot(视力范围)、buck-rabbit(公兔)、night-school(夜校)、baby-husband(小女婿)等等。
形容词+名词:这类词意义关系一目了然,有时候是实指,有时候是指物而拟人。如Blueprints(蓝图),big hat(大人物),double-face(两面派)等等。