备战2010高考英语命题特点分析及答题技巧指导：十五、书面表达

高考英语书面表达的应试策略与技术
英语书面表达的写作形式，表面看上去是写信，写日记等应用文体，但实际的要求却是完全不同的东西。通过对近年全国卷和地方卷中书面表达试题的分析研究，
我们认为用叙事性质、陈说性质、议论性质和混合性质（陈说+议论性质或叙事+议论性质）等概念来表述高考书面表达的这种特殊现象更科学、更规范。书面表达并不是实质意义上的作文，而只是口语表达的书面形式！

这也就是说高考英语书面表达并非实质性作文，它无需修辞，无需发散，无需升华，无需动情，一言以蔽之，它仅具有作文的三个最原始的要求：切题，达意，逻辑。有些试题由于编制得过于谨慎，使得作文的控制性过大以至于如同翻译，因而难度也随着降低。但是对于北京试题和上海试题而言情况则有所不同，因为他们对写作文体的要求略高于全国题和其他省市试题，权当地方特色。

就高考英语全国卷和地方卷而言，书面表达试题的地位举足轻重，无论就其赋分还是实际难度，对于考生，可能是他们心中“永远的痛”，特别是想获高分，往往更觉不可企及。根据我们对高考英语的深入而全面的研究，可以坦言：书面表达不足畏！

一、书面表达的语汇准备
任何一篇文章都离不开篇章纽带的起承转合。尤其是高考英语书面表达，尽管它不属于真正意义上的作文，但作文的基本要素却是不能缺乏的。因此，高分的关键和作文的出彩在于过渡词(transitional words)恰到好处的运用。牢记并自如地运用过渡词是每一位考生决胜高考的法宝。以下是书面表达中常用连词分类举例。

▲举例:
for example, for instance, take…for example, such as, like，
and so on，so on and so forth, and so on and on and on, etc.等。

▲说明:
that’s to say，in other words，namely,等。

▲因果：
so，for，therefore，as a result，thus，because，because of, thanks to…，owing to…, due to ……等。

▲递进:
then，besides，in addition, furthermore，moreover, what’s more等。

▲顺序:
firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally；in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly
to begin with, then, furthermore, finally；to start with, next, in addition, finally；
first and foremost, besides, last but not least；most important of all, moreover, finally（以上为时间顺序）

in the front of，in front of …，
before, behind, at the back of, on the right/left(of)，to the right /left of…，on the other side of …，in the center of …，in the middle of …，at the beginning of , at the end of …，by the side of …，on the top of …，at the foot of …，on the bottom of, inside，outside, upstairs, downstairs（以上为空间顺序）

▲转折:
nevertheless, however, although, though, but，on the country，after all, oppositely等。

▲总结:
in short, in a word, in general, generally speaking, finally，at last，as far as I know，in brief，
briefly speaking, in the end, as a matter of fact, in reality, in fact, on the whole, in conclusion, on account of this, therefore等。

▲强调:
really, indeed，certainly，surely，for sure, above all等。

▲对比:
in the same way，just as，
in common with, compared with, on the one hand…on the other hand,
for one thing… for another，similarly等。

▲平行：
and，both…and…，as well as，as well，neither…nor…or，either…or…，not only…but also…等。

二、书面表达的常考常用句型
在实际的英语写作中，我们应该掌握一些常用的句型以便在实战中发挥作用。高考英语书面表达的句式基本上都是简单句，就是复合句也大都是极普通的常用句式或句型。先讨论简单句的使用情况。所谓简单句式在英语中无非是三种基本句型及其扩充。

一类是S.+V.+O.式，例如,
①I like English and computer best. （NMET1996）
②I started school from 1984 to 1990. (NMET1996)

二类是S.+V.+Adv.式，例如，
① My parents live in the country. (NMET1993)
②The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. (NMET1997)

三类是S.+V.+Pre. 例如，
①My name is Li Hua. (NMET1996)
②The playground is now in front of the school. (NMET1999)
③It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8，2000. (NMET2000)
下面我们主要分析一下书面表达中部分复合句式，惯用句型与套语以及惯用结构等。 高考英语书面表达中的复合句式多为带时间状语从句的复合句和带宾语从句的复合句，其他如强调句型、带定语从句的复合句、带主语从句的复合句、 条件句、让步或转折的句式等, 也是常见常用常考的复合句形式。有些复合句式几乎年年都考。复合句虽可化简，但就一篇文章而言，若全是简单句，无一复合句或难句起采，难见考生功力，得高分就不容易了。所以，该用复合句或难句表现的，而且自信没什么问题，就应大胆写出来, 考生切记。 

1. 带时间状语从句的复合句
①Before we knew it, we had to say good-bye to the workers. (NMET1998)
②In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load.
(NMET2001)
③As we got into a forest, we lost out way.(北京2002)
④It’s also possible a pickpocket stole your money while you were shopping. （2004北京卷）
⑤When I was about to play football, I saw mom washing clothes for me. (2004重庆卷)
⑥By the time mom came back, I had finished the work. (2004重庆卷)
⑦Soon after I started, a friend came and invited me to play football with him.(2004重庆卷)
⑧As the snatcher was running past him, the old man quickly picked up his umbrella and put it
between the snatcher’s legs. (2004辽宁卷)

这类时间状语从句不仅考得频繁，而且连词when, while, as, before, after甚至by the time都考到了，时态上现在时、过去时、过去进行时和过去完成时等都出现了。而且有些年份带时间状语从句的复合句还同时出现多次。因此我们建议广大考生应加强训练这类复合句，在高考中尽量少犯错误。

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