紧抓首段，巧找主旨－－主旨大意题的阅读策略课例展示 高中英语获奖论文.doc
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增大字体中学 葛扬春
[摘要] 高考英语试题越来越重视对学生阅读理解能力的考查。根据2005年《考试说明》对阅读理解的要求，其中一个主要测试方向是测试考生掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。主旨题难度较大，因此培养学生对文章的概括总结能力就显得尤为重要。
[关键词]阅读策略 主旨大意题 文章结构 首段
高中英语课程标准提出的英语教学目标之一是“在进一步发展学生综合语言运用能力的基础上，着重提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力，特别注重提高学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力”。新课标在内容标准上对学生的阅读能力提出了不同的要求。其中六级要求指出：能从一般文字资料中获取主要信息；七级要求指出：能从一般性文章中获取和处理信息，能理解文章主旨和作者意图。国家教育委员会考试中心颁布的《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科说明》对阅读理解能力测试规定的第一条要求就是：掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。因此，教学中应重视对学生相应的阅读能力与技巧的培养，顺利实现教学目标。
近年来，高考英语试题越来越重视对学生阅读理解能力的考查。根据2005年《考试说明》对阅读理解的要求，其中一个主要测试方向是测试考生掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。主旨题难度较大，是区分高考分数等级的题目之一，因此培养学生对文章的概括总结能力就显得尤为重要。
一、 高考中对主旨大意的考察目标和设问方式
主旨概括题考察学生是否能分辨主题和细节，是否具备提纲契领的能力，即是否能在理解全文的基础上运用概括，判断， 归纳，推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结。
主旨大意题通常涉及概括中心大意，揭示主题，选择标题以及作者写作意图等形式。这类问题通常是这样的：
第一组是直接了当的问文章的主旨大意.
What is the text mainly about?
What’s the main idea of the passage?
The last paragraph mainly deals with ….
The last two paragraphs are mainly about….
第二组是要求学生找出合适的标题,实际上也在考察学生的概括能力，要求学生先总结出主旨大意, 再将其高度浓缩成一个短小精悍的短语。
The best title for this passage is …
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
Which would be the best title of the passage?
第三组提问不直接问主旨大意,而是通过问purpose, real concern, convince 来考察学生对主旨大意的掌握。例如：
The passage convinces the reader that …
What’s the purpose of writing this passage?
What is the real concern of the writer of this article?
What is the message conveyed in the story?
二、 教学中存在的问题
新课标实施以来，高中英语教师更加重视培养学生的英语阅读能力。但仍有不少教师没能把握好高中英语阅读教学的侧重点，训练方法较为单一，过度依赖应试型强化训练模式，没有足够重视培养学生阅读策略和阅读技巧。调查表明：只有13%的教师认为自己已向学生讲解了较多的阅读策略。不少教师认为，阅读教学的重点在于阅读技巧，但却在实际教学中很少向学生介绍（杨阳、彭锦秀：2004，）。
训练学生归纳文章主旨和大意时，大部分教师只是告诉学生，通过寻找各段主题句、注意段首和段末内容的方法把握文章的中心思想，缺乏较详尽、明确的指导方法去启发学生如何寻找主题句和确定文章中心思想，以至学生在确定主题句时，机械地把主题句定为段首句，或段尾句或中间句，而对于隐含在字里行间的主题信息缺乏思考和分析，失去灵活领会大意的能力。另外，教师设置的阅读理解题多以考查细节内容或判断有关内容的正误为主，缺乏对学生推理和归纳能力的培养（顾小京：2005）。
基于以上情况，大部分学生阅读文章是没有技巧的。他们拿到一篇文章就开始读，从头读到尾，所有的内容一视同仁。实际上不同的文体有不同的阅读策略。
三、 阅读策略
笔者在教学中把文章分成两大类：一类为记叙文，另一类包括议论文，说明文和应用文。笔者要求学生拿到文章后，先判断其文体，再采用不同的方法。
1. 记叙文：五个wh-凑主题；
记叙文往往叙述一件事。所以笔者要求学生看到记叙文，先找到5要素 即who, where, when, what, why/how。再把这5要素连成一句话，这就是文章主旨大意的雏形。
人教版教材选修七的第3单元第一篇阅读Old Tom the Killer Whale. 首先笔者让学生找出这5要素：
When: on the afternoon I arrived at the station
Where: in the bay
Who: Old Tom; whalers
What: help the whalers hunt a baleen whale
Why/how: the process of hunting
然后学生根据这5个答案，就比较轻松地概括出：The main idea is how Old Tom helped the whalers hunt a baleen whale.
接着，笔者叫学生看2009年浙江卷E篇阅读。
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2009年 浙江 E篇 记叙文 57. What is the text mainly about? A. The disagreements among DNA researchers. B. The unfair treatment of C. The process of discovering DNA. D The race between two teams of scientists. Four people in … “No, |
这是一篇记叙文，讲的是一位女科学家Franklin 受到不公平对待，被人为隐瞒贡献的事情。学生很轻松地找出了who ( four scientists), where (in England), when (in 1953)。那么what在哪里呢？在第一段的结尾，他们看到了the discovery brought fame and fortune to James Watson, Francis crick, and Maurice Wilkins. 但是the fourth was left out. 这种对比就体现了选项中的unfair treatment. 再参考文章的最后一段讲到的Once described as the “Dark Lady of DNA”, Franklin is finally coming into the light. 学生也就清楚事情的来龙去脉，自然也就找到了主旨大意.
2. 议论文，应用文和说明文的阅读策略
在指导议论文，说明文和应用文的阅读时，笔者建议学生从文章结构出发，一定要紧紧抓住首段，即第一段。笔者告诉学生，正如中文文章一样，英语文章的首段也非常重要，首段往往起总领全文的作用。记叙文或小说的首段通常会交代环境、铺垫故事、设置悬念等。议论文往往在第一段中提出要讨论的话题。说明文的首段通常起着引出说明对象，说明事理的作用。应用文的首段常会说明写作意图。
1. 首尾呼应显主题
笔者告诉学生应对主旨大意题第一个解题策略就是认真仔细地研究第一段，再结合最后一段，首尾呼应的内容就是主题。
笔者让学生先看一个应用文的例子，即人教版选修七第1单元的第2篇阅读（a letter to an architect）。这是典型的应用文开头，在第一段作者说明了写作意图，并在最后一段再次说明采纳建议的好处。所以这篇文章的主旨大意即为提建议。
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Dear Ms Sanders, I read in the newspaper today that you are to be the architect for the new … Thank for reading my letter. I hope my suggestions will meet with your approval. … Yours, |
笔者再让学生阅读2012年浙江卷的C篇阅读。
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2012年浙江 C篇 议论文 50. This article is mainly about _________________________ A. the lives of school children B. the cause of arguments in schools C. how to analyze youth violence D. how to deal with school conflicts Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, “In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence”. Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit? … There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. … Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country. |
这是一篇议论文，内容是校园暴力似乎无法避免，但是通过教会学生合理应对问题，却可以很大程度地减少校园冲突的发生。学生很快选出了答案，D. how to deal with school conflicts. 笔者叫他们解释原因。学生说文章的第一段先讲到校园里总有矛盾，然后提出了问题，“为什么不教他们处理矛盾的方法？”最后一段指出conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country. 首尾呼应再次点明主题(conflict resolution)。
2. 小标题支撑主题
有些文章是有小标题的，这个小标题的作用不可忽视。讲这个方法之前，笔者先让学生回忆了高二学过的一篇课文（人教版必修五的第5单元first aid）， 借此了解小标题的作用。
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Book5， Unit5 First Aid 说明文 The skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ. You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease, poisons and the sun’s harmful rays. The functions of your skin are also very complex: it keeps you warm or cool; it prevents your body from losing too much water; it is where you feel cold, heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch. So as you can imagine, if your skin gets burned it can be very serious. First aid is an important first step in the treatment of burns. Causes of burns Types of burns 、 Characteristics of burns First aid treatment |
此篇课文讲的是皮肤受伤后的急救。文章中包含了4个小标题。从文章内容可以看出，四个小标题紧密围绕 first aid 这个中心话题展开文章。
紧接着笔者就让学生看这篇文章，它的结构与first aid的课文如出一辙。
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2013年 湖南 A篇 说明文 60. The main purpose of the passage is ____. A. to tell visitors how to book in advance B. to supply visitors with hotel information C. to show visitors the importance of self-help D. to offer visitors some money-saving tips Planning a visit to the AVOID BIG EVENTS … STAY AWAY FROM THE STATION … LOOK AFTER YOURSELF … GET ON A BIKE … |
由此及彼，学生知道了如何去寻找此类文章的主旨大意。他们清楚了如果说文章是一栋建筑，那么首段就是屋顶，小标题是支撑屋顶的大梁。小标题是为主题服务的。
3. 举例例证引主题
但是，不是所有的文章都看门见山地点明主题，比如说2009年浙江卷D篇阅读，它的开篇是一个小故事。面对这样的文章，我们该怎么找出主旨大意呢？
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2009年 浙江卷 D篇 议论文 56. What is the main idea of the text? A. Delivering bad news properly is important in communication. B. Helping others sincerely is the key to business success. C. Receiving bad news requires great courage. D. Learning ancient traditions can be useful In ancient Egypt, the pharaoh(法老) treated the poor message runner like a prince when he arrived at the palace, if he brought good news. However, if the exhausted runner had the misfortune to bring the pharaoh unhappy news, his head was cut off. Shades of that spirit spread over today’s conversations. Once a friend and I packed up some peanut butter and sandwiches for an outing. As we walked light-heartedly out the door, picnic basket in hand, a smiling neighbor looked up at the sky and said, “Oh boy, bad day for a picnic. The weatherman says it’s going to rain.” I wanted to strike him on the race with the peanut butter and sandwiches. Not for his stupid weather report, for his smile. Several months ago I was racing to catch a bus. As I breathlessly put my handful of cash across the Greyhound counter, the sales agent said with a broad smile, “Oh that bus left rive minutes ago.” Dreams of head-cutting! It’s not the news that makes someone angry. It’s the unsympathetic attitude with which it’s delivered. Everyone must give bad mews from time to time, and winning professionals do it with the proper attitude. A doctor advising a patient that she needs an operation dose it in a caring way A boss informing an employee he didn’t get the job takes on a sympathetic tone. Big winners know, when delivering any bad news, they should share the feeling of the receiver. Unfortunately, many people are not aware of this. When you’re tired from a long flight, has a hotel clerk cheerfully said that your room isn’t ready ye? When you had your heart set on the toast beef, has your waiter merrily told you that he just served the last piece? It makes you as traveler or diner want to land your fist right on their unsympathetic faces. Had my neighbor told me of the upcoming rainstorm with sympathy, I would have appreciated his warning. Had the Greyhound salesclerk sympathetically informed me that my bus had already left, I probably would have said, “Oh, that‘s all right. I’ll catch the next one.” Big winners, when they bear bad news, deliver bombs with the emotion the bombarded (被轰炸的) person is sure to have . |
笔者先让学生仔细阅读第一段的小故事。它讲的是传递好消息的士兵有好吃好喝的招待，而送坏消息的被砍头了。除此之外无其他内容。
于是笔者引领学生把目光移到下一段。这篇文章有点特殊，作者一口气写了3个故事。经过思考，学生发现这3个故事都指向同一个主题 the unsympathetic attitude makes someone angry when delivering any bad news. 同时，学生们发现他们总结出来的这个主题在第4段也得到了映证，即winning professionals do it with the proper attitude and they should share the feeling of the receiver. 因此学生们也就明白了作者讲这几个故事的目的是引出话题（introduce a topic）。
4. 信息词语揭主题
4.1. 高频词
还有一些文章首段看起来很散，难以概括出中心内容，而且整篇文章没有一个明确的主题句。这时候笔者就提醒学生要关注文中关键词语，因为在英语文章中，有些词比较突出、醒目，能够向读者预示文章中的各种语义关系、上下文逻辑关系和语义重心，有助于学生阅读理解和迅速找到答案。
所谓高频词就是文中反复出现的词语，有可能是同一个词，也可能是相似词，近义词。
以 2013年江西卷的C篇阅读为例。
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2013年江西卷 C篇 议论文 67. What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2 ? A. How to listen well. B. What to listen to. C. Benefits of listening. D. Problems in listening Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else. An essential part of listening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. Moreover, since listening well involves bracketing, it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person. Sensing this acceptance, the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener. True communication is under way and the energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth. … |
这是一篇科普说明文。作者从医生和病人的角度阐述了如何倾听和为什么要倾听。学生们很快就选出了正确的答案A。于是笔者让他们讲讲自己的做题思路。学生纷纷发表看法。有的说第一句就是主题句，有的说listen well出现了4次，也有的说 listening well requires, listening well involves, listening well includes这几句表达的是同一个意思。笔者很高兴学生的认真阅读，积极思考，他们已经无意中发现了“高频词”的作用。经过这样的思考总结，学生们肯定对高频词与主旨大意之间的关系有了深刻的印象。
4.2衔接词
英语中有很多衔接词，作用各有不同。例如，however, on the contrary, although 等 信号词引出的内容是与上下文相反的论述，或是作者不同的观点。similarly, equally, also, besides, furthermore, in other words 等词表明下文与前面所述内容相同或相似。for example, for instance, such as 等词起到具体例证、说明上文中的论点的作用。in a word, in short 等词后面的句子是对上文的总结。actually, in fact, the point is…, a study/ survey found/ showed/ proved that…等后面的句子往往是作者最想表达和强调的内容或观点。
为了让学生更具体的了解这些词在揭示主旨大意时所起的作用，笔者让学生看人教版必修第6册第2单元的文章poems.
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Book 6, Unit 2 Poems 说明文 There are various reasons why people write poetry. Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. Others try to convey certain emotions. Poets use many different forms of poetry to express themselves. In this text, however, we will look at a few of the simplest forms. … |
笔者让学生仔细体会第一段中“however”的作用。所谓however之后隐真言，However 后面才是作者真正的看法，真正要表达的内容。
有了衔接词的概念后，笔者让学生看2010年浙江 C篇阅读文章中的一段话。
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2010年浙江 C篇 议论文 52. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Multitasking has become a way of life. B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline. C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved. D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better. The term “multitasking” originally referred to a computer’s ability to carry out several tasks at one time. For many people, multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, some excellent mental aerobic exercises (人脑训练) involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checking e-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, rather than more. And studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased stress, anxiety and memory loss. … |
这是一篇关于一心多用导致效率低下的议论文。学生如果不仔细看文章，就会选A, 因为文章开篇就提出了这个观点，而且选项是文章原句的呈现。事实上细看文章第一段的这一句话Although checking e-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, rather than more，我们就会发现although 这个词就把A选项的看法扭转过来了。再加上第一段最后一句话中的increased stress, anxiety and memory loss, 进一步说明一心多用会导致效率低下。最后再引导学生参考最后一段，作者首尾呼应地概括了自己的观点，从而确定正确答案为B。……………………………【全文请点击下载word压缩文档】
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