双剑合璧，方能立于不败之地 高中获奖英语论文

高中英语论文

双剑合璧，方能立于不败之地

    ——细读台州市09学年高二期末质量评估试题阅读理解部分有感

泽国中学邓志高 林君清 

内容摘要：本文对高二学生在上学期期末考试阅读理解题中出现的不关注词汇在语境中语意的变化以及受母语的影响、不能识别出替换了的句式结构、不善于区分貌似相同的选项、不能摆脱思维定势的束缚、对生词的处理缺乏技巧等细节把握不到位，以及对解题技巧运用不娴熟等主要问题分别作了剖析并提出了对策，以期待把阅读教学落到实处。

关键词：阅读理解 细节 解题技巧

 

台州市2009学年第一学期高二期末英语考试后，很多学生对自己的英语成绩感到不满意，尤其是阅读理解部分失分严重，他们说阅读理解好像都能看懂大意，不过做起选择题时觉得模棱两可，这个选项也行，那个选项也对；我与同学们深入地分析了阅读部分，对命题教师的良苦用心深表感谢，因为这部分对我们的教学有不少的启示；同时也总结了学生失分主要存在以下两个方面的问题。

一、对细节的把握不到位

1、   不关注词汇在语境中语意的变化以及受母语的影响

    一般来说，细节理解题往往要求学生在阅读后带着问题回归原文相关的句子中或段落中去查找答案，这一点很容易做到。但是, 学生在理解过程中，却忽略了词在题干中所表达的意思和在文章中所表达的意思在含义方面的区别，将其一视同仁，结果导致选项错误（冯志坚，2005）。请看A篇第42题。

A

Hi, Antonio, I read your blog and guess what? Now I have a summer job with my neighbor moving their lawn and doing work around their house and I am getting paid. I do the same work at my house but the pay is better at the neighbor’s. Have a great summer, man!                                                     Posted by: Jack

Dear Antonio, My son is 15 and he has been begging for a summer job. Do you know of any place that hires children of that age?                                                         Posted by: Vallery

Hi, Antonio, I am 13 years old and trying to earn money to take a trip with my chorus to Hawaii. I am willing to do any work at any hour during the summer.                                                     Posted by Ashley Jordan

Hi, Antonio, I am 19 years old, a college student and I am looking for a summer job. Does anyone know somewhere that is hiring? I have been looking for two weeks now.                                                     Posted by: Erica Allen

Dear Antonio, My daughter is working in the file room at the law firm I work for and I am very happy that we were able to get her on. My concern is that she wouldn’t have got the summer job if I had not “known” people. What about kids whose parents do not know someone?                                                     Posted by: Tracy

Hi, Antonio, I found my summer job on my own and my parents are so proud of me because I did it on my own. That is why the world needs teens who can take responsibility for themselves and grow into mature and wise adults. Can’t wait for your next blog. I enjoy your writing. You have a great point of view.                                                     Posted by: Jeff

42. From the above posts we learn that _________.

A. Valley has been begging in streets over the summer

B. Jack gets paid for cutting and moving the lawn for his own family

C. Erica is quite experienced in finding part-time jobs

D. Ashley is willing to do any part-time job during his trip to Hawaii

43. What do we know about Tracy from her post?

A. She operates a law firm.

B. She helped her daughter become a lawyer.

C. She’s proud that she has got her daughter a job.

D. She hopes to know more people to help kids get jobs.

对于42题，很多学生选A, 而正确的选项是B，因为其实A 选项Valley has been begging in streets over the summer中的beg意思是 ask for food, money, clothes, etc;而在阅读理解短文中的意思是ask earnestly, 这二者不能混为一谈，不少学生是见到相同的词就选，为此教师要提醒学生必须关注词汇在语境中语意的变化。

在A篇中，学生出现错误最多的是在43题，正确选项是C，而很多学生选D，因为原文中有“What about kids whose parents do not know someone?”。其实这两者根本不构成因果关系，也就是说What about kids whose parents do not know someone?并不能说明选项D. She hopes to know more people to help kids get jobs。其实干扰项D与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有依据，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项应该排除。而不选C的原因是学生对proud一词没有正确的理解，他们说proud中文意思是“骄傲的，自以为了不起的”，是个贬义词；而其实proud英文意思是feel pleased and satisfied about sth. that you have done or own。可见学生因受到母语的影响，而做出错误的选择，因此我们英语教师要尽量用英语解释英语。记得特级教师何小怡曾经说过英语教师应该具备用英语来解释单词词义的能力。

2、不能识别出替换了的句式结构

在阅读理解中，命题者利用一些近义词、句等来替换原文中的语言表述，从而考察学生的语言功底和领悟上下文的能力;学生只要具备一定的词汇量和理解上下文的能力，很容易就能确定答案。问题是，一些学生往往不能识别出这种替换了的句式结构，从而导致理解不畅，请看B篇中的47题：

B

  A new anti-cheating system for counting the judges' scores in ice skating is far from perfect, according to leading sports specialists.

　At the beginning, the judges in the pairs-skating event at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City voted 5 to 4 to give the gold medal to a Russian pair, even though they had a fall during their performance. But the International Skating Union(ISU) dismissed the French judge for failing to make it known to the public that she had been put under pressure to vote for the Russians. The International Olympics Committee then decided to give a second gold to the Canadian pair.

　　The ISU now says it intends to change the rules. In the future, 14 judges will judge each event, but only 7 of their scores selected at random(随意选择) will count.

　“It remains to be seen whether the random selection system would offer the guarantees that everyone concerned with ethical sport is looking for”, says Jerry Bingham, UK Sport's head of ethics (伦理).

　“A random system can still be controlled.” says Mark Dixon, a specialist on sports statistics from the Royal Statistical Society in London. “The score of one or two judges who have been bribed (被贿赂) may still be in the seven selected.”

Many other sports that have judges, including diving and gymnastics have a system that discards the highest and lowest scores. If a judge was under pressure to favor a particular team, giving it a very high score and marking down the opposition team, the scores wouldn't count. “It works for diving,” says Jeff Cook, a member of the international government body's technical committee. “If you remove those at the top and bottom, you're left with those in the middle, so you're getting a reasonable average.”

46. The underlined word “discards” in Paragraph 6 can be replaced by _________.

A. sets down                B. adds up  

C. gets rid of              D. takes advantage of

47. By saying “It remains to be seen whether…”(Paragraph 4), Jerry Bingham intends to express ________.

 A. his anger      B. his doubt　     C. his agreement       D. his criticism

第47小题的正确选项应该是B，因为doubt 的英文释义是 feeling of uncertainty；而“It remains to be seen whether…”也是表达疑虑的一种方式；有些学生因看到文章中提到裁判受贿的事情就选了D. his criticism，认为Jerry Bingham是批评裁判制度的不完善。

3.不善于区分貌似相同的选项

不少学生在解答细节理解题时，有时觉得简单，就凭着印象和暂时的记忆选题，不回归原文进行对照区别，或者即使回归原文也不仔细对照差别，就急于选题，殊不知出题人恰恰利用了学生这一心理，专门设置一个与原文和相近的选项，干扰学生解题，例如C篇：

C

 “Young Japanese and Koreans can be good friends, but there are limits in some areas. We avoid political or historical topics,” said Hiroaki Ohmura, 24, a grad-student in computer science at Tsukuba University. He was at Korea University in Seoul as an exchange student last year.

Before going to ROK in 2007, some students warned him that Korean society could exclude(排除，拒绝)him and it could be difficult to enter. “I took that advice with a grain of salt, since Koreans looked friendly on TV dramas and movies,” said Ohmura.

The undergraduates in his major were all polite to him. They helped him move into the dormitory, invited him to parties and taught him Korean.

But he did feel a distance between himself and other students. “Their society is very tight and so close that, as a foreigner, I couldn’t break into it. For instance, they invited me to computer games, but not to join the school’s football team. They like going shopping with me, but not to buy Japanese products. It was more or less embarrassing.”

But he soon found the proper balance. “Japanese fashions always seem the most trendy in Asia. In my opinion, Korean fashions come from ours, or at least they borrowed some elements（元素）, but I never expressed that opinion,” Ohmura said. “Instead, I liked to share the trendiest Japanese items with them, which made our talk easier.”

Even though he was only in ROK for a year, he wanted to change something.

“In my opinion, Chinese students got along better than us with Koreans. It might be because ROK and China have tighter relations historically and culturally,” he said. “I know some Koreans don’t have a good impression about the Japanese, but as a young man, we should not let the past disagreement affect us too much.”

52. The passage is mainly about _________.

A. some tips for exchange students

B. the worry of an exchange student

C. what Korean society is like for foreigners

D. Hiroaki’s experience of cross-cultural communication

第52题正确选项是D，但是不少学生选C，因为在这篇文章中，多次出现Korean、society、foreigners等词，所以学生做题时，看到选项C 中有那么多刚才读过的词，就毫不犹豫地选中了这个答案。另外，部分学生对D选项中的cross-cultural communication不太理解而不敢选，这说明学生没有对选项进行逐一甄别。

4.不能摆脱思维定势的束缚

由于思维定势导致学生在这次考试中出现理解错误，对此教师在讲解时，要引导学生回归原文，关注细节，加以注意。请看D篇：

D

Astronauts aboard the space station celebrated a space first on Wednesday by drinking water that had been recycled from their urine(尿), sweat and water got from air. They said “cheers” to NASA workers on the ground.

The urine recycling system is needed for astronaut stations on the moon and Mars. It also will save NASA money because it won’t have to ship up as much water to the station by space shuttle or cargo rocket. Besides, it’s important as the space station is about to expand from three people living on board to six.

The recycling system had been brought up to the space station last November, but it couldn’t be used until samples（样品） were tested back on earth. So when it came time to actually drink up, NASA made a big deal of it. The three-man crew stood holding their drinks and congratulated engineers in two NASA centers that worked on the system.

“This is something that had been the stuff of science fiction,” American astronaut Michael Barratt said before taking a small mouthful. The taste is worth trying.”

The new system takes the combined urine of the crew from the toilet and moves it to a big tank, where the water is boiled off, and the vapor is collected. The rest of the urine is thrown away. Then the water vapor is mixed with water from air, and then it goes through filters (过滤器). When six crew members are aboard, it can make about six gallons from urine in about six hours.

“Some people may find the idea of drinking recycled urine distasteful, but it is also done on earth, but with a lot longer time between urine and the tap,” said Marybeth Edeen, the space station’s national lab manager.

The technology NASA developed for this system has already been used for quick water purification after the 2004 Asian tsunami.

54. Which is the RIGHT time order of the following events?

a. The samples of the recycled water were tested on earth.

b. Astronauts celebrated the space’s first making water from urine.

c. The recycling system was brought up to the space station.

d. The technology for the system was used to quickly purify water.

A. a, d, c, b    B. a, c, b, d      C. d, a, c, b      D. d, c, a, b

55. From Paragraph.5 we can know __________.

A. an opinion on recycling urine      B. the process of recycling urine

C. the effect of the recycling system    D. the theory behind the recycling system

对第54题：学生回忆说，他们在解题时根据常识是这样理解这道题的，首先是净水技术的发明，接着是试验水的样品，试验后再安装在空间站上，最后饮用，所以他们选择C； 而正确选项是D，由此可见学生没有去仔细阅读原文中“The recycling system had been brought up to the space station last November, but it couldn’t be used until samples（样品）were tested back on earth. So when it came time to actually drink up, NASA made a big deal of it”这一细节。

另外，第55题，正确选项是B, 它考察学生对某一自然段的归纳概括能力，也有不少学生失分，他们选了C. the effect of the recycling system，因为学生是只注意了这一段的最后一句When six crew members are aboard, it can make about six gallons from urine in about six hours；这反映出在平时教学过程中，我们教师可能让学生只注重课文大意和标题，或只注意一段文章的首句和末句，很少让学生用自己的语言归纳概括某一自然段这种练习，从而导致在考试时学生缺乏归纳概括的训练而显得力不从心。

5、对生词的处理缺乏技巧

学生在阅读时时常会碰上生词，遇到这种情况时，学生可以通过以下四种方法来猜测词义（李也白，2004）：

（1）通过上下文来猜测生词意思

词与词之间的搭配不仅有规律，而且搭配的方式也是有限的。根据生词前后词汇的意思或整个句子的意思来猜测生词，也就是利用上下文中的词与词之间的搭配关系猜测词义。例如第46题中的discard，我们根据这句“Many other sports that have judges, including diving and gymnastics have a system that discards the highest and lowest scores”的the highest and lowest scores，推断出discard是“get rid of”的意思。

（2）利用上下文单词之间的指代关系，猜测生词的大概意思

根据上下文中的指示代词、连词等功能词，往往能够确定单词与单词之间的关系，从而猜测单词的意思，学生只需猜测生词的大概意思，而不必追求其准确含义。

“It remains to be seen whether the random（随机）selection system would offer the guarantees that everyone concerned with ethical sport is looking for”, says Jerry Bingham, UK Sport’s head of ethics( 伦理).

（3）运用合成词和构词法来判断生词的词义，例如：cross-cultural，communication, undergraduate等。

综上所述，教师和学生对细节题或多或少都存在重视不够的现象，这会导致学生失分严重。因为事实细节是文章的重要组成部分，它进一步说明了文章的主旨和大意，是作者表达中心思想的具体手段。本试卷细节理解题数量增多、难度增加，不仅直接出现在题干中，而且融合在主旨大意题，推理判断的选项题中，所以把握好细节题是我们获得高分的一大锋利的宝剑。

二、对解题技巧不娴熟

至于获取高分的另一把宝剑，那便是解题时采用的排除法。如果在有些情况下从正面选择答案有困难，学生可以考虑选用排除法，即排除四个选项中的三个错误选项，那么剩下的选项为正确答案。我们可以要求学生可以遵循如下“三级思考”的方法来排除干扰项：

1.如果干扰项明显与文章相矛盾，即为“误”，可以直接排除。

2.如果干扰项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有依据，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可以排除。

3.有些干扰项似乎很有道理，文中也能找到相关的依据，但它并不能完全满足题目的要求，未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式为出发点，未能充分体现严谨性和最大的合理性，这种虽没错但不是最佳答案的“偏”选项也可以排除。

只要考生经过“是否矛盾（误）——是否依据（虚）—— 是否以偏概全（偏）”的逐级思考过程来分析和甄别每一个选项，那么解题的正确率就会得以提高。正确的答案应该是与原文意义一致的选项，或是经过“三级思考”仍不能排除的选项（朱俊爽，2005），以学生出错最多的D篇来说。

53. According to the text, the recycling system is important because __________.

A. it makes traveling to the moon for the average person possible

B. with it NASA won’t need to ship any water up to the space station

C. it can help meet the need for more water after the crew is expanded

D. it protects the environment in space by reducing the amount of waste

选项A属于虚，选项B属于误，选项D属于偏，所以正确选项是C。

54题正确选项是D，上面已经解释过，无需赘言。

55. From Paragraph.5 we can know __________.

A. an opinion on recycling urine      B. the process of recycling urine

C. the effect of the recycling system    D. the theory behind the recycling system

选项A属于误，选项C属于偏，选项D属于误；所以正确是选项B。

56. What is the best title for the text?

A. New Technology Is Used in the Space Station

B. Drink up: Space Station Recycles Urine to Water

C. The Research of NASA Has Made Great Progress

D. Good News: Water Recycled from Urine Tastes Good

选项A属于偏，选项C属于误，选项D属于虚；正确选项B。

如果不是考试， 我们教师可以要求学生运用这种解题技巧在平时的训练中，会起到意想不到的效果。

本次考试中这四篇阅读文章涉及分别涉及暑期工作、体育、跨文化交际、科技；内容新颖有趣，篇篇都是佳作，选项设计巧妙，值得我们学习借鉴。可本次考试包括一些二级重点中学平均分不到40分，值得我们英语教师深思。总之，我们教师在指导学生解答阅读理解题时，既要关注事实细节，又要注重学生解题技巧的培养，把阅读教学落到实处。只有双剑合璧，方能立于不败之地。

 

参考文献:

1. 中华人民共和国教育部 《普通高中英语课程标准》, 人民教育出版社，2003年

2. 冯志坚 《高中英语全程专项突破》，海洋出版社，2005年

3. 李也白 2004年高考英语试题评析 [J]. 中小学英语教学研究,（12）：44-48.  2004年

5. 朱俊爽 高考英语阅读理解常见问题解答[J].中小学英语教学研究，（12）：48-52. 2005