高三英语教案 Unit 10 American literature (Grammar)

I have been reading the book．
我一直在读这本书。（强调动作的持续性）
I have read the book．我读过这本书了。（强调动作的结果）
Who has been drink my wine？谁喝了我的酒？（已喝掉）
Who has been drinking my wine？谁喝我的酒来着？（被喝掉一些）
【注】不用进行时态的动词。感官动词等不可用现在完成时或进行时，但可用其现在完成时。如：
I have known him since I was a child．我从孩子时起就认识他了。
I haven’t seen him for a long time．我很久没见过他了。
▲过去完成时
表示在过去某时间之前已经发生或存在的状态。
When I rang，Mary had already gone to work．我打电话时玛丽已经上班了。
By dusk，the news had spread through the town．到黄昏，消息已传遍全镇。
The room was dirty．I hadn’t cleaned it for weeks．房间很脏，我已几个星期没打扫了。
▲过去完成时还可表示过去某一时间发生的动作或状态一直延续到某个时候，并可能继续下去，常用for或since或by引导时间状语。如：
She had lived in the south for three years before she came here．她来这儿之前，在南方住了三年。
By the end of last month，I had studied in the college for two years．
到上月底，我在这所学院已学习两年了。
【注】表示过去的两个动作紧接着发生，可不用过去完成时，而用一般过去时，常见于as soon as，before，after，immediately，instantly，the moment等引导的带有时间状语从句的复合句中。如：
I loved you the moment I saw you．我一见到你就爱上你了。
Immediately she entered，his eyes lit up．她一进来他的眼睛就亮了起来。
Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke．我一进门就闻到烟味。
【注】某些表示意愿、希望、打算、意图等的动词，其过去完成时表示本打算做而未做的事，这些动词是：think，suppose，plan，want，intend，mean等。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so．
我本来希望寄一张圣诞卡给他的，但我忘了寄了。
We had thought to return early but he wouldn’t let us go．我们本想早点回来的，但他们不让我们走。
She had intended to speak，but time did not permit．她本想发言，可时间不允许。
▲过去完成进行时
表示从过去某时开始，一直持续到过去的那个时刻的动作，该动作可能刚结束，也可能还要继续。如：
I had been waiting in the room for half an hour before she called me in.
在她喊我进去之前，我已经在房间里等了半个小时。
She was out of breath．She had been running．她气喘吁吁。她一直在跑来着。
Jane was annoyed．Peter had been phoning her every night．简很不高兴，彼得每晚给她打电话。
【注】请注意过去完成进行时与过去进行时的区别：
Last night I was reading a novel when the bell rang．昨晚铃响时，我正在读一本小说。（当时正在读）
Last night I had been reading a novel when the bell rang．到昨晚铃响时，我一直在读一本小说。（一直在读）
【注】请注意过去完成进行时或现在完成进行时的区别：前者表示到过去某个时刻还在进行，后者表示到现在还在进行。试比较：
He had been smoking for twenty years when he decided to give it up．
当他决定戒烟时，他已有二十年的烟龄了。
He has been smoking for twenty years．他已有二十年的烟龄了。（到现在为止）
【注】请注意过去完成进行时与过去完成时的区别：前者表示到过去某时为止动作一直在持续，未必完成，而后者表示动作已完成。试比较：
She said she had been writing her composition．她说她一直在写作文。（可能尚未完成）
She said she had written her composition．她说她的作文已写完了。（已完成）
▲将来完成时
表示将来某个时间之前已经完成的动作。如：
I’m sure he will have settled the problem before you arrive there．
我相信在你到那儿之前，这个问题他已经解决了。
On Monday he’ll have been in America for three years．到星期一，他在美国就满三年了。
The film will have started by the time we get to the cinema．我们到电影院时电影已开始。’
By ten o’clock this evening，I shall have reviewed lessons．到今晚十点钟，我将复习完功课了。

［语法专项训练］
单项选择
1．---Miss Zhang’s second-hand car _____wrong though she used it only once．
---You’d better go to check it．
A．has gone B．went C．goes D．had gone
2．The telephone ____four times in the last hour，and each time it _____for the student doing a part-time job here．
A．has rung，was B．has been ringing，is
C．had rung，was D．rang，has been
3．The day before yesterday we ______a very bad storm．
A．had B．had had C．were having D．have had
4．Ever since they came to live here, they ______everything about the place．
A．hated B．have hated C．hate D．have been hating
5．---Did he decide to take part in the competition？
---Yes，of course．He _____to．
A．has been encouraging B．had been encouraged
C．has been encouraged D．was to be encouraged
6．Where have you been？We _____you back much earlier．
A．were expecting B．are expecting
C．have expected D．were hoping
7．---I hear that you _____a new house．
---Yes，but I _____in it now．
A．have bought，won’t live B．have bought，am not living
C．win buy，have we lived D．will buy，am not living
8．---Who ¬_____that piano？
---My wife, when she ______time.
A．plays，has B．is playing，has
C．plays，is having D．is playing，has had
9．Is it the second time ______you ______here？
A．when，have been B．that，came
C．that，were D．that，have come
10．The key I _____I _____ in my own pocket．
A．think，lost B．had bought，lost
C．thought，had lost D．have thought，have lost
11．---____the new VCD forme，Mum？You promised．

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